balanço dos 20 anos

ago21

CRITICO

Should China have been admitted to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001?

“Knowing now the behavior that China has exhibited as a member of the WTO over the past 20 years, with a really significant failure to live up to their commitments, the answer would be no,” Stephen Ezell, vice president of Global Innovation Policy at the Washington-based Information Technology & Innovation Foundation, told The Epoch Times. In a new report (pdf), Ezell details how the Chinese regime “remains woefully short” of meeting the commitments it made as conditions of its WTO accession in December 2001, including in the areas of “industrial subsidization, protection of foreign intellectual property, forcing joint ventures and technology transfer, and providing market access to services industries.” (...) Instead, Beijing has engaged in “decades of gaming the global trading system,” enabling it to “accumulate tremendous trade surpluses and foreign currency reserves, which it uses to pursue domestic and foreign policy objectives,” Ezell wrote. The Chinese regime’s domestic policies include the imprisonment of more than 1 million Uyghurs in internment camps and the repression of remaining civil liberties in Hong Kong. On the foreign policy front, the regime has threatened to invade and subjugate democratic Taiwan, is expanding its territory in the disputed South China Sea, and is seeking to build global political and economic clout through the Belt and Road Initiative, a massive infrastructure investment project. https://www.theepochtimes.com/two-decades-after-joining-china-remains-woefully-short-of-meeting-wto-pledges-report_3938153.html


JUL21

MUITO CRITICO:

Nearly 20 years after joining the World Trade Organization (WTO), China remains woefully short of meeting a broad range of commitments and responsibilities it made in order to join the organization, to the detriment of both its trading partners and the international economic system, according to a new analysis [1] from the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF), the leading think tank for science and technology policy. “China has failed to meet numerous WTO commitments on issues such as industrial subsidization, protection of foreign intellectual property, forcing joint ventures and technology transfer, and providing market access to services industries,” said Stephen Ezell, vice president of global innovation at ITIF, who authored the report. “China’s behavior toward the WTO and its trading partners is that of a nation that knew what it had to promise to enter the organization, but its actions have demonstrated it never intended to keep those promises.” As of 2019, the University of Pennsylvania ranks ITIF as the most authoritative science and technology policy think tank in the world. http://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/243291/20-Years-After-Joining,-China-Still-Shirks-WTO-Commitments; https://itif.org/publications/2021/07/26/false-promises-ii-continuing-gap-between-chinas-wto-commitments-and-its 

(BALANÇO)

A acessão chinesa à OMC é uma opção política, que demonstra a preocupação do

governo em incluir o país no cenário internacional e adequar seu regulamento interno às

normas e preceitos acordados multilateralmente. Especificamente no campo da economia e

comércio internacional, essa nova postura favoreceu os negócios chineses, provendo maior

segurança e garantias para seus parceiros, e contribuiu para que a China alcançasse o status de

grande potência. O desafio dessa alternativa está na diferença existente entre o modelo chinês

e aquele adotado pela OMC, o qual está fundamentado, em grande parte, nos interesses dos Estados ocidentais desenvolvidos. Nesse sentido, uma análise que não considera as

idiossincrasias da cultura chinesas é parcial e ineficiente

A China e a Organização Mundial do Comércio Peres e Dalbert (PDF)


A Atuação da China na Organização Mundial do Comércio

Um dos temas que demanda a atenção da China na OMC é o de medidas

antidumping45, já que o país é o principal alvo de tais políticas. Nesse contexto, a China

solicitou a reforma dos dispositivos referentes ao tratamento especial e diferenciado, para

ampliar ainda mais os benefícios já existentes46 no Acordo Antidumping. Sua principal

reivindicação é que seja reconhecida como economia de mercado47, pois os membros frequentemente recorrem ao status diferenciado do país para requerer a sua

responsabilização48.

Dumping Social

A China é constantemente acusada de praticar dumping social, por se aproveitar da sua

vasta reserva de mão de obra, que trabalha em condições precárias. Nesse sentido, não apenas os produtos chineses ficam mais baratos no mercado internacional, mas o país atrai novos

investimentos e negócios, constituindo-se hoje em base territorial de várias fábricas de

empresas transnacionais. O governo norte-americano, em resposta a lobbies internos, vem

pressionando a China a adequar seus sistemas de produção à observância dos direitos

humanos, enquanto outros membros da OMC, como a UE e o Brasil, adotam uma postura

mais conciliadora, fundada no diálogo62.

Um dos mais emblemáticos casos submetidos à apreciação do OSC tendo a China

como demandada é o “China: Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual”68. O tema de proteção aos

direitos de propriedade intelectual no país é bastante sensível, uma vez que a sua indústria

interna é frequentemente alvo de acusações de pirataria e engenharia reversa69.

Em 10 de abril de 2007, os EUA requereram o estabelecimento de consultas com a

China sobre medidas relacionadas com a proteção e a efetivação de direitos de propriedade

intelectual no país.

Os EUA acusaram a China de adotar medidas internas inconsistentes com as

obrigações por ela assumidas após a adesão ao TRIPS, quais sejam: a lei penal chinesa e as

interpretações dadas a ela pela Suprema Corte Popular (SPC), estabelecendo uma série de

requisitos para a iniciação de processos criminais e aplicação de penas às infrações de direitos

de propriedade intelectual; os regulamentos alfandegários chineses e medidas de efetivação

sobre o descarte de bens confiscados pelas autoridades; e o artigo 4 da Lei de Propriedade Intelectual Chinesa, que nega proteção a obras cuja publicação e distribuição não tenham sido

autorizadas na China. Em 15 de abril de 2009, a China informou que pretendia implementar as

recomendações e decisões exaradas pelo OSC, mas precisaria de um período de tempo

razoável para fazê-lo, que ficou estabelecido em doze meses a partir da adoção do relatório do

Painel. Referido período terminou em 17 de março de 2010. Em 19 de março de 2010, a

China relatou que em 26 de fevereiro daquele mesmo ano, o Comitê Permanente do 11°

Congresso Popular Nacional tinha adotado a decisão de rever os Regulamentos para Proteção

Alfandegária de Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual. Desta forma, ela teria tomado todas as

medidas legislativas internas necessárias para efetivar as recomendações e decisões proferidas

pelo OSC.

A China e a Organização Mundial do Comércio Peres e Dalbert pdf


jun21

In 2009, for instance, the European Union, the United States, and Mexico launched the first in a series of complaints against China on its restrictions of certain strategic raw materials (including rare earth minerals) that are essential for key industries including smartphones and computers.[14] State-owned enterprises and subsidies in China showed a mixing of public and private power that was an anomaly to the rules-based system of free and fair markets that the liberal order had envisaged; it was, however, a good illustration of the exercise of state power on and via the private sector, along the lines outlined by the model of weaponised interdependence. The WTO was able to do little to regulate these trends. The worldview that it embodied had assumed the virtues of interdependence; global value chains, from this perspective, were an achievement to be lauded and furthered, not resisted. The system also had an implicit assumption of some like-mindedness and shared goals among states. Recall that most countries of the Eastern bloc had not been contracting parties to the GATT. That new members would not converge with former members on liberal values was not a possibility that the WTO had envisaged when China joined it, let alone that the WTO framework could be gamed by a potential “systemic rival”Amrita Narlikar, “Holding Up a Mirror to the World Trade Organization: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic,” ORF Special Report No. 141, June 2021, Observer Research Foundation.

maiw21

China is now the largest trade partner of more than 100 countries and regions. And it faithfully follows the WTO rules, and fulfills the promises it has made. For example, it vowed to lower its import tariffs to 9.9 percent before entering the WTO. Now it has reduced its import tariffs to 7.5 percent. And its weighted tariff rate for international trade has further lowered to 4.4 percent today, almost the same as that of the developed economies.

China should and has the ability to play a special role in a positive way to promote the world trade body's reform. Without China's participation and support, no meaningful agreements can be reached within the current WTO framework.

However, as the Joe Biden administration regards China as the foremost challenge to the US, China must be vigilant to the US and its allies' so-called endorsement of the multilateral trade system as it might originate from their geopolitical needs and the true purpose is to form small cliques so as to divide and weaken the WTO. This is pressing test to the multilateral trade system.

http://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/18/WS60a2eebba31099a234356296.html


 mai21

China's trade in goods grew eight times in the past 20 years, from $516.4 billion in 2001 to $4.1 trillion in 2017. In 1992, China's trade-weighted average tariff rate of 32.2 percent far surpassed the global average of 7.2 percent. By 2002, this rate dropped to 7.7 percent. Since then, Chinese tariffs have reduced even further, averaging 4.8 percent between 2003 and 2017, according to data from the World Bank.

China also emerged as the most attractive place for foreign investors amid a series of global catastrophes from the 2008 financial crisis to the COVID-19 pandemic that began in late 2019. Even as foreign direct investment (FDI) tanked globally last year due to the ongoing health crisis, FDI in China saw a small increase of 4 percent, bringing in $163 billion – more than any other country, according to a report by the United Nations.

Long Yongtu, chief negotiator of China's accession to the WTO, said at a recent forum held by the Center for China and Globalization that Washington began to shift toward anti-terrorism as its strategic priority in 2001 while Beijing accelerated its progress of reform and opening up, which allowed China to catch up with the U.S. in a short span of 20 years.

Since joining the WTO, China has made enormous contributions to global trade. China's contribution to global economic growth has approached 30 percent on average since 2002. It has also become a major trading partner of over 120 countries. China's massive labor force allowed businesses and people around the world to enjoy affordable products from clothes to computers. For American consumers alone, these cost-effective products help save $15 billion annually.

"It benefits people around the world, especially people in developing countries. It is also hugely beneficial for developed countries including the U.S., which is one of its biggest beneficiaries," Long said.

As China changed the face of world trade, trading with the world also changed China. According to a white paper released by China's State Council Information Office, the central government modified more than 2,300 national laws and regulations to adapt to WTO commitments, while local governments modified or canceled 190,000 related local laws and regulations, to improve policy transparency and ensure conformity with WTO rules. 

China has also enhanced intellectual property right protection. It has set up IP courts in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou and special judicial organs at 15 intermediate courts. 

"China should not be complacent with its achievements over the past 20 years," said Yi Xiaozhun, former deputy-director general of WTO. "China's reform and opening up must always stay present tense and never stop.

https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-05-17/20-years-in-the-WTO-How-China-changed-world-trade-10l5KjKPLzy/index.html

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